saco-indonesia.com, Stetoskop atau stethoscope adalah alat kedokteran yang paling sering dikaitkan dengan profesi seorang dokter bahkan sepertinya juga sudah merupakan simbol seorang dokter. Rasanya juga belum sah bila seorang dokter tidak memiliki alat ini. Tidak heran kalau seorang dokter spesialis radiologi ataupun dokter ahli laboratorium klinik yang jarang sekali harus perlu melakukan pemeriksaan fisik terhadap pasiennya secara langsungpun telah memiliki setoskop. Stetoskop telah berasal dari kata Yunani stetos yang artinya dada dan skopein yang artinya memeriksa. Alat kedokteran ini juga merupakan media untuk dapat menyampaikan suara-suara di dalam tubuh seorang pasien kepada telinga dokter yang telah memeriksanya. Fungsi dari stetoskop ini adalah untuk dapat mendengarkan detak jantung, suara usus, dan lain sebagainya. Dengan kemampuannya ini, Stetoskop juga dapat digunakan pula untuk dapat mengetahui kerja paru-paru dan juga untuk dapat mengukur tekanan darah dengan mendengarkan denyut nadi. b. Endoscopy Endoscopy merupakan alat untuk dapat meneropong organ-organ dalam tubuh manusia tanpa sayatan atau dengan sayatan kulit minimal. Salah satu fungsinya adalah untuk dapat mengetahui kelainan yang telah terjadi pada alat-alat pencernaan bagian atas dan juga tenggorokan. Pemeriksaan / tindakan pengobatan didalam saluran pencernaan yang dengan menggunakan peralatan yang berupa teropong (Endoscop) Keunggulannya antara lain : Dapat melihat dengan jelas lokasi dan jenis kelainan dalam rongga saluran cerna Tindakan pengobatan dengan resikonya jauh lebih ringan daripada tindakan operasi. Dapat menggantikan fungsi tindakan operasi, lebih nyaman, biaya lebih murah dan efisien. Hasil pemeriksaan dapat langsung dicetak. c. Colonoscopy Colonoscopy adalah alat kedokteran yang fungsinya untuk dapat mengetahui kondisi saluran pencernaan bagian bawah. Bagian tersebut dimulai dari rectum, anus sampai dengan usus pada bagian bawah. d. Tensimeter Alat kedokteran ini telah dipergunakan untuk dapat mengukur tensi atau tekanan darah. Dipergunakan untuk proses pemeriksaan pasien hipertensi, anemia, dan lain sebagainya. Ada dua jenis tensimeter yaitu tensimeter air raksa dan tensimeter digital. Tensimeter air raksa di luar negeri saat ini juga sudah dilarang untuk digunakan lagi karena bahaya dari air raksanya jika tensimeter tersebut pecah. Tensimeter digital sendiri lebih canggih dan praktis dipergunakan, namun harganya memang lebih mahal jika dibandingkan dengan yang konvensional. e. Termometer Termometer adalah alat kedokteran yang telah dipergunakan untuk dapat mengukur suhu tubuh. Ada dua jenis termometer yaitu termometer raksa dan digital. Perbedaannya telah terletak pada alat pengukurnya. Termometer telah berasal dari bahasa Yunani yaitu Thermos yang berarti panas dan meter yang berarti mengukur. Jadi termometer adalah suatu alat yang digunakan untuk dapat mengukur tinggi rendahnya suhu suatu benda. Untuk termometer digital, jika suhu tubuh sudah di dapat maka alat tersebut akan dapat mengeluarkan bunyi dengan sendirinya sedangkan termometer raksa sendiri deteksinya memakan waktu yang lama, sehingga kurang efisien untuk dipergunakan. Ini salah satu alat yang wajib dimiliki dan tersimpan di kotak P3K Anda. f. CT-Scan CT- singkatan dari Computed Temography sedangkan Scan adalah foto. Sehingga fungsi dari alat ini tiada lain adalah untuk dapat menghasilkan foto bagian-bagian dalam dari tubuh dengan lebih lengkap dan akurat. Hal ini dikarenakan foto yang dihasilkan dari CT-Scan ini juga merupakan foto (gambar) bagian dalam tubuh berupa irisan. g. X-Ray Orang lebih mengenal alat kedokteran ini dengan sebutan Rontgen. Alat ini telah dipergunakan untuk dapat mengetahui bagian dalam khususnya paru-paru. X-ray menjalankan fungsi kerjanya dengan penggunaan sinar radiasi. h. Laparoscopy Alat kedokteran ini adalah alat yang berfungsi untuk pembersihan darah. Selain itu, laparoscopy juga dipergunakan untuk dapat melakukan inseminasi. i. Alat Cek Darah Alat cek darah biasanya telah memiliki tiga fungsi dalam satu alat. Selain untuk dapat mengecek kadar gula darah, juga dapat digunakan untuk dapat mengecek asam urat dan kolesterol dalam darah. Dipergunakan pada pemeriksaan penyakit kolesterol, asam urat, diabetes, dan lain sebagainya. j. Ultrasonography (USG) USG adalah suatu alat dalam dunia kedokteran yang telah memanfaatkan gelombang ultrasonik, yaitu gelombang suara yang telah memiliki frekuensi yang tinggi (250 kHz – 2000 kHz) yang kemudian hasilnya ditampilkan dalam layar monitor. Pada awalnya penemuan alat USG diawali dengan penemuan gelombang ultrasonik kemudian bertahun-tahun setelah itu, tepatnya sekira tahun 1920-an, prinsip kerja gelombang ultrasonik mulai diterapkan dalam bidang kedokteran. Penggunaan ultrasonik dalam bidang kedokteran ini pertama kali diaplikasikan untuk kepentingan terapi bukan untuk dapat mendiagnosis suatu penyakit. USG sering dipergunakan untuk dapat melihat perkembangan janin dalam tubuh ibu hamil, untuk dapat mengecek adanya penyakit lain dalam tubuh seperti kanker, miom, dan lain sebagainya. k. Elektrokardiografi (ECG) Elektrokardiografi adalah alat kedokteran yang fungsinya untuk dapat merekam aktivitas elektro atau kelistrikan yang telah terjadi di dalam jantung. Hasilnya juga dapat terlihat pada elektrodiagram. Biasanya telah dipergunakan pada penyakit-penyakit yang berkaitan dengan fungsi dari jantung. Elektrokardiogram (EKG) adalah grafik yang dibuat oleh sebuah elektrokardiograf, yang merekam aktivitas kelistrikan jantung dalam waktu tertentu. Namanya terdiri atas sejumlah bagian yang berbeda: elektro, karena berkaitan dengan elektronika, kardio, kata Yunani untuk jantung, gram, sebuah akar Yunani yang berarti "menulis". Analisis sejumlah gelombang dan vektor normal depolarisasi dan repolarisasi menghasilkan informasi diagnostik yang penting. Editor : Dian Sukmawati

As he reflected on the festering wounds deepened by race and grievance that have been on painful display in America’s cities lately, President Obama on Monday found himself thinking about a young man he had just met named Malachi.

A few minutes before, in a closed-door round-table discussion at Lehman College in the Bronx, Mr. Obama had asked a group of black and Hispanic students from disadvantaged backgrounds what could be done to help them reach their goals. Several talked about counseling and guidance programs.

“Malachi, he just talked about — we should talk about love,” Mr. Obama told a crowd afterward, drifting away from his prepared remarks. “Because Malachi and I shared the fact that our dad wasn’t around and that sometimes we wondered why he wasn’t around and what had happened. But really, that’s what this comes down to is: Do we love these kids?”

Many presidents have governed during times of racial tension, but Mr. Obama is the first to see in the mirror a face that looks like those on the other side of history’s ledger. While his first term was consumed with the economy, war and health care, his second keeps coming back to the societal divide that was not bridged by his election. A president who eschewed focusing on race now seems to have found his voice again as he thinks about how to use his remaining time in office and beyond.

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Obama Speaks of a ‘Sense of Unfairness’

In the aftermath of racially charged unrest in places like Baltimore, Ferguson, Mo., and New York, Mr. Obama came to the Bronx on Monday for the announcement of a new nonprofit organization that is being spun off from his White House initiative called My Brother’s Keeper. Staked by more than $80 million in commitments from corporations and other donors, the new group, My Brother’s Keeper Alliance, will in effect provide the nucleus for Mr. Obama’s post-presidency, which will begin in January 2017.

“This will remain a mission for me and for Michelle not just for the rest of my presidency but for the rest of my life,” Mr. Obama said. “And the reason is simple,” he added. Referring to some of the youths he had just met, he said: “We see ourselves in these young men. I grew up without a dad. I grew up lost sometimes and adrift, not having a sense of a clear path. The only difference between me and a lot of other young men in this neighborhood and all across the country is that I grew up in an environment that was a little more forgiving.”

Organizers said the new alliance already had financial pledges from companies like American Express, Deloitte, Discovery Communications and News Corporation. The money will be used to help companies address obstacles facing young black and Hispanic men, provide grants to programs for disadvantaged youths, and help communities aid their populations.

Joe Echevarria, a former chief executive of Deloitte, the accounting and consulting firm, will lead the alliance, and among those on its leadership team or advisory group are executives at PepsiCo, News Corporation, Sprint, BET and Prudential Group Insurance; former Secretary of State Colin L. Powell; Senator Cory Booker, Democrat of New Jersey; former Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr.; the music star John Legend; the retired athletes Alonzo Mourning, Jerome Bettis and Shaquille O’Neal; and the mayors of Indianapolis, Sacramento and Philadelphia.

The alliance, while nominally independent of the White House, may face some of the same questions confronting former Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton as she begins another presidential campaign. Some of those donating to the alliance may have interests in government action, and skeptics may wonder whether they are trying to curry favor with the president by contributing.

“The Obama administration will have no role in deciding how donations are screened and what criteria they’ll set at the alliance for donor policies, because it’s an entirely separate entity,” Josh Earnest, the White House press secretary, told reporters on Air Force One en route to New York. But he added, “I’m confident that the members of the board are well aware of the president’s commitment to transparency.”

The alliance was in the works before the disturbances last week after the death of Freddie Gray, the black man who suffered fatal injuries while in police custody in Baltimore, but it reflected the evolution of Mr. Obama’s presidency. For him, in a way, it is coming back to issues that animated him as a young community organizer and politician. It was his own struggle with race and identity, captured in his youthful memoir, “Dreams From My Father,” that stood him apart from other presidential aspirants.

But that was a side of him that he kept largely to himself through the first years of his presidency while he focused on other priorities like turning the economy around, expanding government-subsidized health care and avoiding electoral land mines en route to re-election.

After securing a second term, Mr. Obama appeared more emboldened. Just a month after his 2013 inauguration, he talked passionately about opportunity and race with a group of teenage boys in Chicago, a moment aides point to as perhaps the first time he had spoken about these issues in such a personal, powerful way as president. A few months later, he publicly lamented the death of Trayvon Martin, a black Florida teenager, saying that “could have been me 35 years ago.”

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That case, along with public ruptures of anger over police shootings in Ferguson and elsewhere, have pushed the issue of race and law enforcement onto the public agenda. Aides said they imagined that with his presidency in its final stages, Mr. Obama might be thinking more about what comes next and causes he can advance as a private citizen.

That is not to say that his public discussion of these issues has been universally welcomed. Some conservatives said he had made matters worse by seeming in their view to blame police officers in some of the disputed cases.

“President Obama, when he was elected, could have been a unifying leader,” Senator Ted Cruz of Texas, a Republican candidate for president, said at a forum last week. “He has made decisions that I think have inflamed racial tensions.”

On the other side of the ideological spectrum, some liberal African-American activists have complained that Mr. Obama has not done enough to help downtrodden communities. While he is speaking out more, these critics argue, he has hardly used the power of the presidency to make the sort of radical change they say is necessary.

The line Mr. Obama has tried to straddle has been a serrated one. He condemns police brutality as he defends most officers as honorable. He condemns “criminals and thugs” who looted in Baltimore while expressing empathy with those trapped in a cycle of poverty and hopelessness.

In the Bronx on Monday, Mr. Obama bemoaned the death of Brian Moore, a plainclothes New York police officer who had died earlier in the day after being shot in the head Saturday on a Queens street. Most police officers are “good and honest and fair and care deeply about their communities,” even as they put their lives on the line, Mr. Obama said.

“Which is why in addressing the issues in Baltimore or Ferguson or New York, the point I made was that if we’re just looking at policing, we’re looking at it too narrowly,” he added. “If we ask the police to simply contain and control problems that we ourselves have been unwilling to invest and solve, that’s not fair to the communities, it’s not fair to the police.”

Moreover, if society writes off some people, he said, “that’s not the kind of country I want to live in; that’s not what America is about.”

His message to young men like Malachi Hernandez, who attends Boston Latin Academy in Massachusetts, is not to give up.

“I want you to know you matter,” he said. “You matter to us.”