Sedikit latar belakang bagaimana besi beton dibuat
Besi beton diproduksi secara umum terdiri dari 3 jenis: besi beton permukaan polos (round bar), besi beton ulir (deformed bar) dan besi beton kanal u (shape). Bahan baku besi beton adalah billet, yang juga merupakan balok baja berukuran 100 x 100 mm, 110 x 110 mm, 120 x 120mm dengan panjang masing-masing sekitar 170 mm. Bahan baku dari billet sendiri adalah besi-besi tua, skrap, serta bahan penolong seperti kokas, grafit, lime, ferro alloys yang dilebur dengan berbagai metode. Bahan penolong tadi digunakan untuk mendapatkan unsur carbon (C), Si (silicon), Mn (Mangan) yang akan sangat berpengaruh pada qualitas besi beton.
Mutu besi beton yang baik adalah yang telah memiliki kekuatan tarik (standard yield strength / Ys) minimal 24 kg / mm2. Kadar carbon berpengaruh besar kepada sifat mekanik dari besi beton. Kadar carbon yang terlalu besar akan membuat besi beton menjadi lebih getas dan akan meningkatkan kekerasan dan kekuatan tarik tetapi keuletannya cenderung menurun. Kadar unsur silikon berpengaruh terhadap struktur mikro besi beton. Kadar silikon yang rendah mengakibatkan besi menjadi kropos. Kadar unsur mangan berpengaruh besar pada keuletan besi beton. Unsur mangan yang terlalu banyak dapat meningkatkan keuletan tetapi mengurangi kekerasan.
Cara menghitung berat besi beton SNI (Standard Nasional Indonesia)
Polos dengan grade U24 (Standard Yield Strength: 24 kg / mm2)
Ulir dengan grade U40 (Standard Yield Strength: 40 kg / mm2)
Berat (dalam kg) = diameter (mm) * diameter (mm) * panjang (m) * 0.006165
0.006165 merupakan coefisien dalam mencari berat besi beton.
Sebagai contoh besi dengan diameter 10mm dan panjang 12m mempunyai berat
10*10*12*0.006165 = 7.398 kg
Untuk daerah bali dan sekitarnya, besi yang banyak dipasarkan adalah besi dari PT Hanil Jaya Steel - Surabaya. Hal ini dikarenakan biaya transportasi yang lebih murah dan kualitas besi beton yang baik. Besi beton SNI dari pabrik Hanil mempunyai toleransi 0.2mm dengan panjang 12m. Besi beton jenis ini mempunyai marking seperti "HIJ SNI 16mm" untuk ukuran 16mm.
Besi Beton Ulir/Sirip SNI 13mm
Besi Beton Polos SNI 10mm
Contoh diatas adalah besi beton ulir SNI 13mm (S13 = Sirip 13) dan besi beton polos SNI 10mm (P10 = Polos 10)
Selain besi beton jenis SNI, terdapat juga besi beton NON-SNI atau sering kali disebut BANCI. Kekuatan tarikan atau yield strength dari besi beton jenis ini tidak dapat dipastikan. Untuk besi beton dengan marking HJ menurut informasi dari pabrik mempunyai kekuatan U19-20 untuk yang jenis polos dan untuk jenis ulir mempunya kekuatan U25-30. Toleransi untuk besi beton jenis ini biasanya lebih besar sampai 0.3mm dengan panjang 12m dan terdapat marking dengan berbagai tanda salah satunya HJ.
Besi Beton NON SNI Ulir/Sirip 13mm
Besi Beton NON SNI Ulir/Sirip 13mm (Ukuran Sket 12.5mm)
Terdapat lagi jenis besi beton tarikan. Besi beton jenis ini biasanya tidak mempunyai panjang 12m dan tidak terdapat marking atau tanda.
Perhatian!
Terdapat fenomena belakangan ini banyak penjual menjual kawat baja dan bukan besi beton. Besi beton dengan diameter ukuran 6-10mm yang sering kali menjadi korban. Fungsi dari kawat baja sangat berbeda dengan besi beton. Kawat baja berfungsi untuk pengikat dan besi beton berfungsi untuk penyangga. Sehingga kekuatan tarikan kawat baja jauh dibawah kekuatan besi beton. Hanya saja diameter kawat baja ini sama besar dengan besi beton ukuran tertentu. Hal ini sering kali digunakan untuk mendapatkan pasar atau pun mengeruk keuntungan maximal.
Anda dapat mempercayakan supplier besi anda kepada kami. Kami hanya menjual besi dari PT Hanil Jaya Steel - Surabaya dengan marking HIJ untuk besi beton SNI dan marking HJ untuk besi beton NON-SNI.
BELAKANG BAGAIMANA BESI BETON DIBUAT
Late in April, after Native American actors walked off in disgust from the set of Adam Sandler’s latest film, a western sendup that its distributor, Netflix, has defended as being equally offensive to all, a glow of pride spread through several Native American communities.
Tantoo Cardinal, a Canadian indigenous actress who played Black Shawl in “Dances With Wolves,” recalled thinking to herself, “It’s come.” Larry Sellers, who starred as Cloud Dancing in the 1990s television show “Dr. Quinn, Medicine Woman,” thought, “It’s about time.” Jesse Wente, who is Ojibwe and directs film programming at the TIFF Bell Lightbox in Toronto, found himself encouraged and surprised. There are so few film roles for indigenous actors, he said, that walking off the set of a major production showed real mettle.
But what didn’t surprise Mr. Wente was the content of the script. According to the actors who walked off the set, the film, titled “The Ridiculous Six,” included a Native American woman who passes out and is revived after white men douse her with alcohol, and another woman squatting to urinate while lighting a peace pipe. “There’s enough history at this point to have set some expectations around these sort of Hollywood depictions,” Mr. Wente said.
The walkout prompted a rhetorical “What do you expect from an Adam Sandler film?,” and a Netflix spokesman said that in the movie, blacks, Mexicans and whites were lampooned as well. But Native American actors and critics said a broader issue was at stake. While mainstream portrayals of native peoples have, Mr. Wente said, become “incrementally better” over the decades, he and others say, they remain far from accurate and reflect a lack of opportunities for Native American performers. What’s more, as Native Americans hunger for representation on screen, critics say the absence of three-dimensional portrayals has very real off-screen consequences.
“Our people are still healing from historical trauma,” said Loren Anthony, one of the actors who walked out. “Our youth are still trying to figure out who they are, where they fit in this society. Kids are killing themselves. They’re not proud of who they are.” They also don’t, he added, see themselves on prime time television or the big screen. Netflix noted while about five people walked off the “The Ridiculous Six” set, 100 or so Native American actors and extras stayed.
But in interviews, nearly a dozen Native American actors and film industry experts said that Mr. Sandler’s humor perpetuated decades-old negative stereotypes. Mr. Anthony said such depictions helped feed the despondency many Native Americans feel, with deadly results: Native Americans have the highest suicide rate out of all the country’s ethnicities.
The on-screen problem is twofold, Mr. Anthony and others said: There’s a paucity of roles for Native Americans — according to the Screen Actors Guild in 2008 they accounted for 0.3 percent of all on-screen parts (those figures have yet to be updated), compared to about 2 percent of the general population — and Native American actors are often perceived in a narrow way.
In his Peabody Award-winning documentary “Reel Injun,” the Cree filmmaker Neil Diamond explored Hollywood depictions of Native Americans over the years, and found they fell into a few stereotypical categories: the Noble Savage, the Drunk Indian, the Mystic, the Indian Princess, the backward tribal people futilely fighting John Wayne and manifest destiny. While the 1990 film “Dances With Wolves” won praise for depicting Native Americans as fully fleshed out human beings, not all indigenous people embraced it. It was still told, critics said, from the colonialists’ point of view. In an interview, John Trudell, a Santee Sioux writer, actor (“Thunderheart”) and the former chairman of the American Indian Movement, described the film as “a story of two white people.”
“God bless ‘Dances with Wolves,’ ” Michael Horse, who played Deputy Hawk in “Twin Peaks,” said sarcastically. “Even ‘Avatar.’ Someone’s got to come save the tribal people.”
Dan Spilo, a partner at Industry Entertainment who represents Adam Beach, one of today’s most prominent Native American actors, said while typecasting dogs many minorities, it is especially intractable when it comes to Native Americans. Casting directors, he said, rarely cast them as police officers, doctors or lawyers. “There’s the belief that the Native American character should be on reservations or riding a horse,” he said.
“We don’t see ourselves,” Mr. Horse said. “We’re still an antiquated culture to them, and to the rest of the world.”
Ms. Cardinal said she was once turned down for the role of the wife of a child-abusing cop because the filmmakers felt that casting her would somehow be “too political.”
Another sore point is the long run of white actors playing American Indians, among them Burt Lancaster, Rock Hudson, Audrey Hepburn and, more recently, Johnny Depp, whose depiction of Tonto in the 2013 film “Lone Ranger,” was viewed as racist by detractors. There are, of course, exceptions. The former A&E series “Longmire,” which, as it happens, will now be on Netflix, was roundly praised for its depiction of life on a Northern Cheyenne reservation, with Lou Diamond Phillips, who is of Cherokee descent, playing a Northern Cheyenne man.
Others also point to the success of Mr. Beach, who played a Mohawk detective in “Law & Order: Special Victims Unit” and landed a starring role in the forthcoming D C Comics picture “Suicide Squad.” Mr. Beach said he had come across insulting scripts backed by people who don’t see anything wrong with them.
“I’d rather starve than do something that is offensive to my ancestral roots,” Mr. Beach said. “But I think there will always be attempts to drawn on the weakness of native people’s struggles. The savage Indian will always be the savage Indian. The white man will always be smarter and more cunning. The cavalry will always win.”
The solution, Mr. Wente, Mr. Trudell and others said, lies in getting more stories written by and starring Native Americans. But Mr. Wente noted that while independent indigenous film has blossomed in the last two decades, mainstream depictions have yet to catch up. “You have to stop expecting for Hollywood to correct it, because there seems to be no ability or desire to correct it,” Mr. Wente said.
There have been calls to boycott Netflix but, writing for Indian Country Today Media Network, which first broke news of the walk off, the filmmaker Brian Young noted that the distributor also offered a number of films by or about Native Americans.
The furor around “The Ridiculous Six” may drive more people to see it. Then one of the questions that Mr. Trudell, echoing others, had about the film will be answered: “Who the hell laughs at this stuff?”
Native American Actors Work to Overcome a Long-Documented Bias