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Definisi arti kata “Surveying” ini mengacu pada pengumpulan data yang berhubungan dengan perekaman bentuk permukaan bumi dan umumnya direpresentasikan sebagai peta, dalam bentuk bidang datar atau model dijital. Sedangkan arti kata “Pengukuran” memberikan arti pada peralatan dan metode yang berhubungan dengan pelaksanaan surveying seperti yang didefinisikan sebelumnya. Jadi, “Surveying” adalah yang berhubungan dengan segala sesuatu dari bidang tanah hingga penentuan ukuran dan bentuk bumi, sedangkan “Pengukuran” adalah yang berhubungan dengan penggunaan peralatan dari pita ukur hingga pengukuran jarak elektro magnetik atau dengan teknik-teknik satelit.

Ilmu pengetahuan “Surveying” dan “Pengukuran” mencakup aspek-aspek matematik, astronomi, geografi, fisika, mekanika, metrologi, statistik, geofisika dan disiplin ilmu pengetahuan lainnya. Disiplin ilmu tersebut, termasuk membaca alat seperti bacaan vernier, mikrometer dan lingkaran; satuan standard ukuran; alat temperatur dan skala; trigonometris dan tabel-tabel lain; logaritma; alat ukur jarak dan sudut; alat hitung; alat barometri; penentuan nilai gravitasi; penentuan dan penggambaran elevasi serta berbagai peralatan lainnya dan metode penggunaannya.

Surveying secara tradisional didefinisikan sebagai ilmu pengetahuan pengukuran dan pemetaan posisi relatif di atas, pada atau di bawah permukaan tanah, atau membangun posisi-posisi tersebut dari perencanaan teknis atau dari deskripsi permukaan tanah. Oleh karena itu, Surveying akan selalu berurusan dengan pengukuran dalam aspek fisika dan matematika. Dengan adanya perkembangan teknologi, maka telah terjadi perubahan besar dalam aspek fisika yaitu peralatan pengukuran dan dalam aspek matematik yaitu penggunaan komputer.

Pada umumnya, surveying dilakukan di bidang datar (plane surveying), yakni surveying yang tidak memperhitungkan kelengkungan bumi. Pada proyek-proyek surveying, kelengkungan buminya cukup kecil sehingga pengaruhnya dapat diabaikan, dimana perhitungannya menggunakan rumus-rumus yang disederhanakan. Sedangkan pada proyek-proyek dengan jarak-jarak jauh dan kelengkungan bumi harus diperhitungkan, kegiatan ini dimasukkan ke dalam surveying geodetik yang merupakan aplikasi dari Surveying geodesi (Geodetic Surveying).

Metode surveying dapat dibedakan atas:
1. Surveying bidang datar (Plane Surveying)
Dengan asumsi bahwa daerah alat survey adalah bidang datar.
Umumnya, mencakup daerah yang tidak luas dimana pengaruh kelengkungan bumi, diabaikan.
2. Surveying Geodetik (Geodetic Surveying)
Menggunakan perhitungan teori bentuk bumi.
Umumnya menggunakan akurasi yang tinggi dan mencakup daerah yang luas dimana pengaruh kelengkungan bumi, diperhitungkan.

Selanjutnya, pengukuran Surveying (Surveying measurement) dapat didefinisikan sebagai seni, ilmu, teknologi pengumpulan dan menganalisa data ukuran yang berhubungan antar tanah satu dengan lainnya serta dihubungkan dengan permukaan dan ruang, termasuk mendesain, merencanakan spesifikasi ukuran dan standar untuk menyempurnakan ukuran dengan ketelitian dan akurasi yang diinginkan, melakukan kontrol kesalahan dan perhitungannya (adjustment), termasuk menggunakan peralatan yang sesuai untuk pengukuran seperti jarak, tinggi, sudut, arah, posisi, luas, volume dan pengukuran lain yang berhubungan dengan kuantitas.

Jenis-jenis alat survey yang memerlukan surveying antara lain adalah Survey kontrol, Survey topografi, Survey kadaster, Survey hidrografi, Survey route, Survey konstruksi, As-built survey dan Survey tambang. Pada kenyataannya, seluruh aspek dalam kehidupan sehari-hari mempergunakan surveying, misalnya pada Pemetaan bumi baik di atas maupun di bawah laut; Pembuatan peta navigasi (darat, udara, laut); Penentuan batas tanah; Membangun basisdata untuk manajemen sumberdaya alam; Membangun data teknik untuk konstruksi jembatan, jalan, bangunan, pengembangan lahan.

Berdasarkan implementasi dari surveying tersebut, maka seorang Surveyor dituntut agar dapat melakukan riset, menganalisis dan membuat keputusan; Kerja lapangan yaitu pengumpulan data; Hitungan yaitu pengolahan data; Pemetaan atau penyajian data; Stake-out yaitu memindahkan data rencana dari peta ke lapangan; dan Pemantauan atau monitoring.

Dalam perjalanannya, Surveying masa depan adalah melakukan pengumpulan data, menyimpan data, memperoleh kembali dan dipakai bersama dengan menggunakan peralatan komputer, peralatan dengan sistem optik dan satelit.

Over the last five years or so, it seemed there was little that Dean G. Skelos, the majority leader of the New York Senate, would not do for his son.

He pressed a powerful real estate executive to provide commissions to his son, a 32-year-old title insurance salesman, according to a federal criminal complaint. He helped get him a job at an environmental company and employed his influence to help the company get government work. He used his office to push natural gas drilling regulations that would have increased his son’s commissions.

He even tried to direct part of a $5.4 billion state budget windfall to fund government contracts that the company was seeking. And when the company was close to securing a storm-water contract from Nassau County, the senator, through an intermediary, pressured the company to pay his son more — or risk having the senator subvert the bid.

The criminal complaint, unsealed on Monday, lays out corruption charges against Senator Skelos and his son, Adam B. Skelos, the latest scandal to seize Albany, and potentially alter its power structure.

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The repeated and diverse efforts by Senator Skelos, a Long Island Republican, to use what prosecutors said was his political influence to find work, or at least income, for his son could send both men to federal prison. If they are convicted of all six charges against them, they face up to 20 years in prison for each of four of the six counts and up to 10 years for the remaining two.

Senator Kenneth P. LaValle, of Long Island, who serves as chairman of the Republican conference, emerged from a closed-door meeting Monday night to say that conference members agreed that Mr. Skelos should be benefited the “presumption of innocence,” and would stay in his leadership role.

“The leader has indicated he would like to remain as leader,” said Mr. LaValle, “and he has the support of the conference.” The case against Mr. Skelos and his son grew out of a broader inquiry into political corruption by the United States attorney for the Southern District of New York, Preet Bharara, that has already changed the face of the state capital. It is based in part, according to the six-count complaint, on conversations secretly recorded by one of two cooperating witnesses, and wiretaps on the cellphones of the senator and his son. Those recordings revealed that both men were concerned about electronic surveillance, and illustrated the son’s unsuccessful efforts to thwart it.

Adam Skelos took to using a “burner” phone, the complaint says, and told his father he wanted them to speak through a FaceTime video call in an apparent effort to avoid detection. They also used coded language at times.

At one point, Adam Skelos was recorded telling a Senate staff member of his frustration in not being able to speak openly to his father on the phone, noting that he could not “just send smoke signals or a little pigeon” carrying a message.

The 43-page complaint, sworn out by Paul M. Takla, a special agent for the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlines a five-year scheme to “monetize” the senator’s official position; it also lays bare the extent to which a father sought to use his position to help his son.

The charges accuse the two men of extorting payments through a real estate developer, Glenwood Management, based on Long Island, and the environmental company, AbTech Industries, in Scottsdale, Ariz., with the expectation that the money paid to Adam Skelos — nearly $220,000 in total — would influence his father’s actions.

Glenwood, one of the state’s most prolific campaign donors, had ties to AbTech through investments in the environmental firm’s parent company by Glenwood’s founding family and a senior executive.

The accusations in the complaint portray Senator Skelos as a man who, when it came to his son, was not shy about twisting arms, even in situations that might give other arm-twisters pause.

Seeking to help his son, Senator Skelos turned to the executive at Glenwood, which develops rental apartments in New York City and has much at stake when it comes to real estate legislation in Albany. The senator urged him to direct business to his son, who sold title insurance.

After much prodding, the executive, Charles C. Dorego, engineered a $20,000 payment to Adam Skelos from a title insurance company even though he did no work for the money. But far more lucrative was a consultant position that Mr. Dorego arranged for Adam Skelos at AbTech, which seeks government contracts to treat storm water. (Mr. Dorego is not identified by name in the complaint, but referred to only as CW-1, for Cooperating Witness 1.)

Senator Skelos appeared to take an active interest in his son’s new line of work. Adam Skelos sent him several drafts of his consulting agreement with AbTech, the complaint says, as well as the final deal that was struck.

“Mazel tov,” his father replied.

Senator Skelos sent relevant news articles to his son, including one about a sewage leak near Albany. When AbTech wanted to seek government contracts after Hurricane Sandy, the senator got on a conference call with his son and an AbTech executive, Bjornulf White, and offered advice. (Like Mr. Dorego, Mr. White is not named in the complaint, but referred to as CW-2.)

The assistance paid off: With the senator’s help, AbTech secured a contract worth up to $12 million from Nassau County, a big break for a struggling small business.

But the money was slow to materialize. The senator expressed impatience with county officials.

Adam Skelos, in a phone call with Mr. White in late December, suggested that his father would seek to punish the county. “I tell you this, the state is not going to do a [expletive] thing for the county,” he said.

Three days later, Senator Skelos pressed his case with the Nassau County executive, Edward P. Mangano, a fellow Republican. “Somebody feels like they’re just getting jerked around the last two years,” the senator said, referring to his son in what the complaint described as “coded language.”

The next day, the senator pursued the matter, as he and Mr. Mangano attended a wake for a slain New York City police officer. Senator Skelos then reassured his son, who called him while he was still at the wake. “All claims that are in will be taken care of,” the senator said.

AbTech’s fortunes appeared to weigh on his son. At one point in January, Adam Skelos told his father that if the company did not succeed, he would “lose the ability to pay for things.”

Making matters worse, in recent months, Senator Skelos and his son appeared to grow wary about who was watching them. In addition to making calls on the burner phone, Adam Skelos said he used the FaceTime video calling “because that doesn’t show up on the phone bill,” as he told Mr. White.

In late February, Adam Skelos arranged a pair of meetings between Mr. White and state senators; AbTech needed to win state legislation that would allow its contract to move beyond its initial stages. But Senator Skelos deemed the plan too risky and caused one of the meetings to be canceled.

In another recorded call, Adam Skelos, promising to be “very, very vague” on the phone, urged his father to allow the meeting. The senator offered a warning. “Right now we are in dangerous times, Adam,” he told him.

A month later, in another phone call that was recorded by the authorities, Adam Skelos complained that his father could not give him “real advice” about AbTech while the two men were speaking over the telephone.

“You can’t talk normally,” he told his father, “because it’s like [expletive] Preet Bharara is listening to every [expletive] phone call. It’s just [expletive] frustrating.”

“It is,” his father agreed.